新华社北京11月8日电 题：聚焦文物保护法修订五大看点

　　新华社“新华视点”记者杨湛菲、施雨岑、杨淑馨

　　十四届全国人大常委会第十二次会议8日表决通过新修订的文物保护法，将自2025年3月1日起施行。

　　文物保护法为何重新修订？这部法律将如何更好在文物保护、传承和利用方面发挥作用？“新华视点”记者采访了有关专家和业内人士。

　　看点一：时隔20余年再次修订

　　文物保护法1982年11月颁布实施，2002年进行第一次修订。此次再次修订，标志着我国文物保护进入依法治理的新阶段。

　　“修订文物保护法是将成熟经验做法上升成为法律规定的重要举措。”全国人大教科文卫委文化室原主任朱兵表示，上一次修订以来，我国文物保护状况不断改善，文物资源内涵扩大、保护成效彰显。为更好贯彻落实党中央关于坚持保护第一、加强管理、挖掘价值、有效利用、让文物活起来的工作要求，需要系统完善文物法律制度框架。

　　近年来，我国文物工作面临着新形势新任务，文物保护领域出现了一些新情况新问题。朱兵表示，我国迫切需要通过修订文物保护法进一步提升文物工作的法治化、规范化、制度化水平，为推进实现文物领域治理体系和治理能力现代化提供法治支撑。

　　看点二：严格落实“保护第一”

　　新修订的文物保护法明确文物的定义，明晰了文物保护法的适用范围和保护对象，并规定文物认定的主体、标准和程序，由国务院规定并公布。

　　根据第三次全国文物普查，我国未定级不可移动文物总量超过60万处，约占不可移动文物总数的80%，文物保护与城乡建设的矛盾较为突出，且基层文物保护机构和人员力量不足，亟待通过完善法律，旗帜鲜明地加强未定级不可移动文物保护。本次修订从认定程序、保护措施、原址保护、迁移拆除等方面，进一步完善了未定级不可移动文物保护制度。

　　中国文物学会副会长陆琼表示，新修订的文物保护法增加不可移动文物保护规划制度，包括两个方面：一是制定有关规划时将不可移动文物的保护措施纳入其中，二是组织编制行政区域内不可移动文物的保护规划。此外，从严规定未定级不可移动文物的保护措施，有助于加强城乡建设中文物保护工作，妥善处理文物保护与城乡建设的关系。

　　此外，本次修订还明确“先调查、后建设”“先考古、后出让”制度，增加地下文物埋藏区和水下文物保护区制度。

　　“这些制度旨在最大限度保障城市开发建设中的文物安全，实现文物全面保护、系统保护、整体保护；既保证文物免遭建设工程破坏，又避免增加建设单位时间和资金成本。”陆琼说。

　　她表示，文物保护法的修订，体现我国加强文物整体性、系统性保护，推动构建党委领导、政府负责、部门监管、社会参与、全民共享的“大保护”格局，有助于深入发挥文物价值。

　　看点三：进一步加强规范管理

　　文物普查是国情国力调查的重要组成部分。新修订的文物保护法规定“县级以上人民政府及其文物行政部门应当加强文物普查和专项调查，全面掌握文物资源及保护情况”。

　　“本次修订根据我国文物普查调查工作实际，从法律层面明确了文物普查调查制度，为推进文物系统性保护和统一监管提供有力支撑。”国家文物局文物古迹司司长邓超说，文物是不可再生的文化资源，新修订的文物保护法明确对不可移动文物进行修缮、保养、迁移，必须遵守不改变文物原状和最小干预的原则，确保文物的真实性和完整性。

　　文物管理的现代化，需要与科技发展、信息技术应用相适应。新修订的文物保护法明确规定国家加强文物保护信息化建设，鼓励开展文物保护数字化工作；同时强调国家鼓励开展文物保护的科学研究，推广先进适用的文物保护技术，提高文物保护的科学技术水平。

　　近年来，我国不断加强流失海外中国文物追索返还工作，成功促使2100多件（套）流失文物重归故土。本次修订明确我国流失文物追索返还工作机制，规定国务院文物行政部门依法会同有关部门开展追索返还。

　　看点四：更好让文物“活起来”

　　文物工作在传承文明、服务社会、促进发展等方面的作用日益凸显。在确保文物安全的前提下，推进文物合理适度利用已经成为社会共识。

　　新修订的文物保护法明确“在确保文物安全的前提下，因地制宜推动不可移动文物有效利用”“文物保护单位向社会开放，应当合理确定开放时间和游客承载量，并向社会公布，积极为游客提供必要的便利”等，规定文物收藏单位应“通过借用、交换、在线展览等方式，提高馆藏文物利用效率”等。

　　“本次修订鼓励文物利用研究，明确有效利用文物资源提供多样化多层次的文化产品与服务，明确文物保护单位和博物馆有序开放要求，发挥文物在提供公共文化服务、更好满足人民群众的美好生活需求方面的重要作用。”中央民族大学特聘教授王云霞介绍，本次修订着眼于文物价值挖掘阐释和文物合理有效利用，在总则中作出原则性规定，并在不可移动文物、馆藏文物等分章作出具体规定。

　　此外，新修订的文物保护法还在鼓励社会力量参与文物保护、促进中华文明起源与发展研究、支持开展文物保护国际交流与合作等方面进行了规定。

　　看点五：保障法律实施有力有效

　　文物安全是文物保护的红线、底线和生命线。为最大限度确保文物安全，本次修订通过增加违法行为行政处罚种类、设定不同档次处罚、提升罚款金额等方式，进一步增强法律震慑力。

　　“新修订的文物保护法加大对文物违法行为处罚力度。”国家文物局政策法规司司长金瑞国说，“本次修订明确文物行政部门依法实施监督检查，对违法行为可以采取相应行政强制措施。在加强行政监管的基础上，增加新闻媒体舆论监督、群众投诉举报、检察机关公益诉讼等内容。”

  法律的生命力在于实施。“下一步，要全面贯彻落实法律规定，深入推进普法宣传教育。”金瑞国表示，将继续开展配套法规规章制订修订工作，把文物保护法确立的主要原则制度予以细化，推动文物保护法律体系更加衔接协调、系统完备。 

编 辑： 夏红真

责 编： 于浩

Beijing, November 8 (Xinhua) -- Focus on Five Key Points of the Revision of the Cultural Relics Protection Law

Xinhua News Agency's "Xinhua Viewpoint" reporters Yang Zhanfei, Shi Yucen, Yang Shuxin

The 12th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the 14th National People's Congress voted on the 8th to adopt the newly revised Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, which will come into force on March 1, 2025.

Why is the Cultural Relics Protection Law being revised? How will this law better play a role in the protection, inheritance, and utilization of cultural relics? Xinhua Viewpoint reporters interviewed relevant experts and industry insiders.

Highlight 1: Revised again after more than 20 years

The Cultural Relics Protection Law was promulgated and implemented in November 1982, and was first revised in 2002. This revision marks a new stage of legal governance in the protection of cultural relics in China.

"The revision of the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics is an important measure to upgrade mature experience and practices into legal provisions." Zhu Bing, former director of the Culture Office of the National People's Congress's Commission on Education, Science, Culture and Health, said that since the last revision, the protection of cultural relics in China has continued to improve, the connotation of cultural relics resources has expanded, and the protection effect has been outstanding. In order to better implement the work requirements of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on adhering to protection first, strengthening management, exploring value, effectively utilizing, and making cultural relics come alive, it is necessary to systematically improve the legal system framework for cultural relics.

In recent years, China's cultural relics work has faced new situations and tasks, and some new situations and problems have emerged in the field of cultural relics protection. Zhu Bing stated that China urgently needs to further enhance the level of rule of law, standardization, and institutionalization of cultural relics work through the revision of the Cultural Relics Protection Law, in order to provide legal support for promoting the modernization of the governance system and governance capacity in the cultural relics field.

Highlight 2: Strictly implement the principle of "protection first"

The newly revised Cultural Relics Protection Law clarifies the definition of cultural relics, clarifies the scope of application and protected objects of the Cultural Relics Protection Law, and stipulates the subject, standards, and procedures for cultural relics identification, which shall be formulated and announced by the State Council.

According to the third national census of cultural relics, the total number of unclassified immovable cultural relics in China exceeds 600000, accounting for about 80% of the total number of immovable cultural relics. The contradiction between cultural relics protection and urban and rural construction is prominent, and the grassroots cultural relics protection institutions and personnel are insufficient. It is urgent to strengthen the protection of unclassified immovable cultural relics through the improvement of laws and regulations. This revision further improves the protection system for unclassified immovable cultural relics from the aspects of identification procedures, protection measures, original site protection, relocation and demolition.

Lu Qiong, Vice President of the Chinese Society of Cultural Relics, stated that the newly revised Cultural Relics Protection Law has added a planning system for the protection of immovable cultural relics, which includes two aspects: first, incorporating protection measures for immovable cultural relics into relevant planning, and second, organizing the preparation of protection plans for immovable cultural relics within administrative regions. In addition, strict regulations on the protection measures of unclassified immovable cultural relics will help strengthen the protection of cultural relics in urban and rural construction, and properly handle the relationship between cultural relics protection and urban and rural construction.

In addition, this revision also clarifies the system of "investigation first, construction later" and "archaeology first, transfer later", and adds the system of underground cultural relics burial areas and underwater cultural relics protection areas.

These systems aim to maximize the safety of cultural relics in urban development and construction, achieve comprehensive, systematic, and overall protection of cultural relics; ensure that cultural relics are not damaged by construction projects, and avoid increasing the time and capital costs of construction units, "said Lu Qiong.

She stated that the revision of the Cultural Relics Protection Law reflects China's efforts to strengthen the overall and systematic protection of cultural relics, promote the construction of a "big protection" pattern led by the Party committee, responsible by the government, supervised by departments, participated by society, and shared by the whole people, and help to fully realize the value of cultural relics.

Highlight 3: Further Strengthening Standardized Management

The census of cultural relics is an important component of the investigation of national conditions and strength. The newly revised Cultural Relics Protection Law stipulates that "people's governments at or above the county level and their cultural relics administrative departments shall strengthen cultural relics surveys and special investigations, comprehensively grasp cultural relics resources and protection situations".

"This revision, based on the actual work of cultural relics survey in China, clarifies the system of cultural relics survey from the legal level, and provides strong support for promoting systematic protection and unified supervision of cultural relics." Deng Chao, director of the Department of Cultural Relics and Monuments of the National Cutural Heritage Administration, said that cultural relics are non renewable cultural resources. The newly revised Law on Cultural Relics Protection specifies that for the repair, maintenance and relocation of immovable cultural relics, the principle of not changing the original state of cultural relics and minimum intervention must be followed to ensure the authenticity and integrity of cultural relics.

The modernization of cultural relic management needs to be adapted to the development of technology and the application of information technology. The newly revised Cultural Relics Protection Law clearly stipulates that the state should strengthen the informatization construction of cultural relics protection and encourage the digitization of cultural relics protection work; At the same time, it emphasizes that the state encourages scientific research on cultural relic protection, promotes advanced and applicable cultural relic protection technologies, and improves the scientific and technological level of cultural relic protection.

In recent years, China has continuously strengthened the recovery and return of Chinese cultural relics lost overseas, successfully promoting the return of more than 2100 lost cultural relics to their homeland. This revision clarifies the mechanism for the recovery and return of lost cultural relics in China, and stipulates that the cultural relics administrative department of the State Council shall carry out recovery and return in accordance with the law in conjunction with relevant departments.

Highlight 4: Better Bring Cultural Relics to Life

The role of cultural relics work in inheriting civilization, serving society, and promoting development is increasingly prominent. Promoting the rational and moderate utilization of cultural relics while ensuring their safety has become a social consensus.

The newly revised Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics clarifies that "while ensuring the safety of cultural relics, efforts should be made to promote the effective utilization of immovable cultural relics according to local conditions", "when cultural relics protection units open to the public, the opening hours and tourist carrying capacity should be reasonably determined and announced to the society, and necessary convenience should be actively provided for tourists", and stipulates that cultural relics collection units should "improve the efficiency of the utilization of their collections of cultural relics through borrowing, exchange, online exhibitions, and other means".

This revision encourages research on the utilization of cultural relics, clarifies the effective use of cultural relics resources to provide diversified and multi-level cultural products and services, clarifies the requirements for the orderly opening of cultural relics protection units and museums, and gives full play to the important role of cultural relics in providing public cultural services and better meeting the needs of the people for a better life. "Wang Yunxia, a specially appointed professor at the Central University for Nationalities, introduced that this revision focuses on the exploration and interpretation of the value of cultural relics and the rational and effective utilization of cultural relics, and makes principled provisions in the general provisions, and makes specific provisions in chapters such as immovable cultural relics and collection cultural relics.

In addition, the newly revised Cultural Relics Protection Law also includes provisions to encourage social forces to participate in cultural relic protection, promote research on the origin and development of Chinese civilization, and support international exchanges and cooperation in cultural relic protection.

Highlight 5: Ensuring Effective and Powerful Implementation of Laws

Cultural relic safety is the red line, bottom line, and lifeline of cultural relic protection. To ensure the safety of cultural relics to the greatest extent possible, this revision further enhances the legal deterrent effect by increasing the types of administrative penalties for illegal acts, setting different levels of penalties, and increasing the amount of fines.

"The newly revised Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics has strengthened the punishment of illegal acts against cultural relics." Jin Ruiguo, director of the Department of Policies and Regulations of the National Cutural Heritage Administration, said, "This revision clearly defines that the administrative department of cultural relics implements supervision and inspection according to law, and can take corresponding administrative coercive measures against illegal acts. On the basis of strengthening administrative supervision, we will add media supervision, complaints and reports from the masses, public interest litigation by procuratorial organs and other contents."

The vitality of law lies in its implementation. The next step is to fully implement legal provisions and deepen the promotion of legal education. Jin Ruiguo stated that he will continue to carry out the work of formulating and revising supporting laws and regulations, refine the main principles and systems established by the Cultural Relics Protection Law, and promote a more coordinated and systematic legal system for cultural relics protection.  

Editor: Xia Hongzhen

Editor in Chief: Yu Hao

文章来源Article source：聚焦文物保护法修订五大看点_中国人大网